气弹簧及其工作原理介绍（中英文）

气弹簧由一个装有加压气体（氮气）的钢制气缸和一根通过密封导轨滑入和滑出气缸的杆组成。

A gas spring consists of a steel cylinder containing gas (nitrogen) under pressure and a rod which slides in and out of the cylinder through a sealed guide.

当气体因杆的收缩而压缩时，它会产生力，就像弹簧一样。与传统的机械弹簧（无论是螺旋弹簧、碟形垫圈还是橡胶弹簧）相比，气弹簧即使在非常长的行程中也具有几乎平坦的力曲线。因此，它可用于需要与要举起或移动的重量成比例的力，或用于平衡可移动重型设备的举升。

最常见的应用可见于车门、工业机械的保护外壳、家具门、医疗和健身器材、电动百叶窗和天篷、底部铰链天窗和超市销售柜台内。

最简单的气弹簧由气缸 (C) 和活塞杆 (S) 组成，活塞 (P) 固定在活塞杆的末端，活塞通过密封的导轨完成气缸 (C) 的压缩和伸展循环。气缸内装有加压氮气（见箭头）和油 (O)。在压缩阶段，氮气通过通道 (F) 从活塞 (B) 下方流向上部 (A)。

When the gas is compressed by the retraction of the rod, it produces a force in return, acting like a spring. Compared to traditional mechanical springs (whether helicoidal, Belleville washers or rubber), the gas spring has an almost flat force curve even for very long strokes. It is therefore used wherever a force is required that is in proportion to the weight to be lifted or moved, or to counter-balance the lifting of movable, heavy equipment.

The most common applications may be seen on car doors, on protective casings of industrial machines, on furniture doors, in medical and fitness equipment, on motor- driven blinds and canopies, on bottom-hinged dormer windows and inside supermarket sales counters.

In its simplest version the gas spring consists of a cylinder (C) and a piston rod (S), on the end of which a piston (P) is anchored, which accomplishes cycles compression and extension of the cylinder (C) through a sealed guide. The cylinder contains nitrogen gas under pressure (see arrows) and oil (O). During the compression phase the nitrogen passes from below the piston (B) to the upper part (A) through channels (F).

在此阶段，由于活塞杆进入导致可用体积较小，气缸内的压力上升，从而产生力增量（级数）。通过改变通道（F）的横截面积，可以调整气流以减慢或加快杆滑动速度；通过改变气缸/活塞杆直径的组合、气缸长度和油量，可以改变级数。

During this phase the pressure inside the cylinder, due to the low volume available caused by the entering of the piston rod, is rising generating the force increment (progression). By varying the cross section of the channels (F) the gas flow may be adjusted to slowing down or to speed up the rod sliding speed; changing the combination of cylinder/piston rod diameters, the lenght of cylinder and the oil quantity the progression can be changed.

温度

TEMPERATURE

温度会影响气弹簧的力。

它使气缸中的氮气膨胀或收缩，由于变化发生在恒定体积下，这会导致内部压力增加或减少。气弹簧力每摄氏度变化 0.36%（即每 10°C 变化 3.6%）。

例如：考虑标准运动温度为 20°C 且力为 100N，则在 30°C 时 F1=103.6N 等等。

Temperature influences the force of a gas spring.

It makes the nitrogen in the cylinder expand or contract and, since the variation occurs at a constant volume, this causes the internal pressure to increase or decrease. The gas spring force varies by 0,36% of each °C (it means 3,6% every 10°C).

Example: considering a standard exercise temperature of 20°C and a force of 100N, at 30°C F1=103,6N and so on.

制动功能

BRAKING ACTION

一定量的油被引入气弹簧气缸：它不仅起到润滑密封的作用，而且当油在活塞和导轨之间扩散时，在杆伸展过程中会发挥减速作用，并确保更平稳、无颠簸的运动。例如，在阻尼器范围内，油制动作用会减慢翻板的向下打开运动。（在这些情况下，不能使用氮气）。

A certain quantity of oil is introduced into the gas spring cylinder: it not only serves to lubricate the seal, but when spread between piston and guide exerts a slowing-down action during rod extension and ensures a more gentle and joltless movement. For example in the dampers range the oil braking action slow down the downward opening movement of a flap. (in these cases the nitrogen may not be used).

在水平应用、活塞杆位置高于气缸的应用（不建议）以及气弹簧翻转的应用（即汽车掀背式）中，制动作用不存在（活塞不接触油）。这些情况下的制动作用必须通过替代产品（动态阻尼气弹簧）来实现。

In the horizontal applications, applications where the piston rod is in a higher position than the cylinder (not suggested), applications where the gas spring overturn (i.e. hatchback of a car) the braking action is not present (piston do not meet the oil). The braking action in these cases has to be reached with an alternative product (Dynamic Damping Gas Spring).

气弹簧的力

THE FORCE OF THE GAS SPRING

气弹簧的力由圆柱形气缸中的氮气对杆段施加的压力决定。

通过将不同直径的杆与合适体积的气缸组装在一起，通过作用于气体输入压力并调整活塞上的通道或引入更大量的油，除了所需的力之外，还可以获得气弹簧的各种操作配置，以满足广泛的用户要求。

弹簧力（F1）是在室温约 20°C 下用特殊测力计测量的，杆压缩约 10 毫米，密封件无摩擦；测量单位为 N（牛顿），它是定义弹簧特性时通常引用的静态（FS）值。

The force of a gas spring is determined by the pressure that the nitrogen in the cylindrical cylinder exerts on the section of the rod.

By assembling rods of different dyameters with cylinder of suitable volume, by acting on the gas input pressure and adjusting the channels on the piston or by introducing a greater quantity of oil, various operating configurations of the gas spring may be obtained in addition to the required force in order to satisfy a wide range of user requirements.

The force of the spring (F1) is measured with a special dynamometer at a room temperature of approx. 20 °C with the rod compressed by about 10 mm and free from friction by the seal; the measure is given in N (Newton) and it is a static (FS) value normally referred to when defining the characteristics of a spring.

其他组件与该基本值相互作用，在弹簧的“动态”阶段尤其明显。这种摩擦产生的阻力作用于杆运动的反方向，其值可在 20 到 50 牛顿之间变化，并加到或减去上述“静态”力。这种差异称为摩擦力，用 FR 表示。

图中闭合力用 F3 表示，开启力用 F1 表示。可以看出，F3 和 F1 分别高于和低于表示“静态”力 FM 的平均线。F3 和 F1 之间的差异是摩擦力 FR。F2 和 F1 之间的差异是气弹簧的进展。

Other components interact with this basic value and become especially noticeable in the “dynamic” phase of the spring. The resistance exerted by such friction acts in the opposite direction to the rod movement, it has a value that can vary form 20 to 50 Newton and is added or subtracted to the above-mentioned “static” force. This difference is called friction and is indicated wih FR.

The closing force is indicated in the graph by F3 and the opening force by F1. It can be seen that F3 and F1 are higher and lower respectively than the average line which identifies the “static” force FM. The difference between F3 and F1 is the friction FR. The difference between F2 and F1 is the progression of the gas spring.

力的计算

CALCULATION OF THE FORCE

计算气弹簧力与应用相关的公式

Formula to calculate the force of a gas spring in relation to the application

F1={[( M X D) : L] : NM } + (10% ~ 15%)

F1：弹簧抵抗被移动物体重量的力，以矢量表示；在这种情况下，F1 以千克为单位，必须将其乘以 9.81 后转换为牛顿。

F1: Force of the spring which opposes the weight of the object to be moved, shown as vector; in this case, F1 is expressed in kg and have to be transformed in Newton multiplying the value obtained by 9.81.

M：被提升物体的重量（以千克为单位），以矢量表示。

M: Weight in kg of the object to be lifted, shown as vector.

D：水平测量重心 B 和旋转点 O 之间的距离（以毫米为单位）。

D: Distance in mm measured horizontally between the center of gravity B and the point of rotation O.

B：被提升物体重量的作用点；它对应于重心。

B: Point of application of the weight of the object to be lifted; it corresponds to the center of gravity.

O：移动物体的支点和旋转点。

O: Fulcrum and point of rotation of the mobile object.

L：气弹簧工作臂的长度（以毫米为单位）；它对应于连接件 S 或连接件 C 与旋转中心 O 之间的最小距离；大多数情况下它等于气弹簧的行程，在任何情况下都不能更大。

L: Length in mm of the gas spring working arm; it corresponds to the least distance between attachment S or attachment C and the center of rotation O; most of the time it is equal to the stroke of the gas spring and in any case cannot be greater.

S：气弹簧与固定部件的连接点。

S: Point of attachment of the gas spring to the fixed part.

C：气弹簧与移动部件的连接点。

C: Point of attachment of the gas spring to the mobile part.

nm：应用中使用的气弹簧数量（1、2 或更多）。

nm: Number of gas springs to be used in the application (1, 2 or more).

公式中包含了 10-15% 的增幅，因为弹簧的力矢量不平行于要升起的物体的重量矢量方向，也是为了补偿系统中的任何摩擦，这会降低弹簧力的效率。

An increase of 10-15% is included in the formula, since the force vector of the spring is not parallel to the direction of the weight vector of the object to be lifted and also to compensate for any friction in the system which would detract from the efficiency of the spring force.

示例

Examples

示例 1

EXAMPLE 1

在此示例中（典型应用：提升橱柜和隔间门），点 S 应位于距离橱柜/隔间边界 30/40 毫米的位置，以防止门在关闭时猛烈撞击。

In this example (typical application: lifting of cabinet and compartment doors) point S should be placed 30/40 mm away from the cabinet/compartment border to prevent the door from slamming when it closes.

示例 2

EXAMPLE 2

在所谓的“水平”应用（活板门、板条箱盖等）中，连接点 S 必须允许弹簧在完全关闭位置保持至少 10° 的向下倾斜，以充分利用弹簧，防止门/盖猛然关上。

在这种情况下，F1 应指气弹簧处于完全关闭位置，即 F2。因此，结果必须除以渐进因子。此外，在这种情况下，10/15% 的增加是没有必要的

In the so called “horizontal” applications (trapdoors, crate covers, etc) the attachment point S must allow the spring to maintain in the fully closed position a downwards tilt of at least 10° to make the most of the spring also in preventing the door/cover from slamming.

In this case the F1 shall refers to the gas spring in its fully closed position i.e. F2. For this reason the result have to be divided by progression factor. Moreover in this case the increase of 10/15% is not necessary

示例 3

EXAMPLE 3

在此示例中（典型应用：汽车后备箱），图中显示弹簧杆向上。此应用是正确的，因为当后备箱关闭时，弹簧杆向下。

In this example (typical application: car boots) the figure shows the spring with the rod directed upwards. The application is correct because the spring, when the boot is closed, has the rod directed downwards.

正确安装的技巧

TIPS FOR A CORRECT INSTALLATION

气弹簧的长寿命取决于密封件是否得到正确的润滑。因此，弹簧在安装时必须始终将杆朝下，或将杆导向器相对于气缸附件置于较低的位置。

在某些应用中，如上图所示（例如汽车后备箱），弹簧的打开运动可能会导致其在完全打开和完全关闭位置之间向上旋转。这里还应注意在弹簧处于完全关闭位置并被压缩在气缸内时将杆朝下安装。这种推荐位置有利于润滑导向器和密封件，同时提供出色的制动效果。

杆表面对于保持气压很重要，因此不应被钝器或磨料或任何腐蚀性化学物质损坏。安装气弹簧时，应对齐上下配件，以使密封件不受拉力。必须在整个杆行程中保持对齐。如果无法做到这一点，请使用允许对齐的接头附件。

使用气弹簧的机器的振动可能会通过与框架连接过于牢固的附件转移到密封件上。在固定螺钉和附件之间留出小间隙，或使用至少一个铰接附件固定弹簧。

建议使用光滑销钉而不是螺纹螺栓固定弹簧，因为螺纹顶部与连接孔接触会产生摩擦，这可能会影响气弹簧的正常功能。

使用气弹簧时，确保拉力不大于气弹簧推力，以免超过正常的杆滑动速度。

气弹簧的正常工作温度范围为 -30 °C 至 + 80 °C。

特别潮湿和寒冷的环境可能会在密封件上结霜并影响气弹簧的使用寿命。

气弹簧的设计和制造旨在减轻或平衡对操作员或其插入结构来说非常重的重量。设计师和制造商应仔细评估弹簧的耐用性和安全性，以确定其是否可用于其他用途（减震器、减速器、停止器）。

The gas spring long life is a function of the correct lubrication of the seals. The spring must therefore always be installed with the rod directed downwards or with the rod guide in a lower position with respect to the cylinder attachment.

In some applications, as those described in figures above (e.g. car boots), the opening movement of the spring may cause it to rotate upwards between the fully open and fully closed position. Here also attention should be paid to installing the spring with the rod directed downwards when it is in its fully closed position, and compressed inside the cylinder. Such recommended position facilitates the lubrication of guide and seals, while delivering an excellent braking effect.

The rod surface is important for maintaining gas pressure and should therefore not be damaged by blunt or abrasive objects or by any corrosive chemical substance. When installing the gas spring, the upper and lower fittings should be aligned so that the seal is not under strain. The alignment must be maintained throughout the entire rod stroke. Should that not be possible, use jointed attachments which allow the alignment.

Vibrations on the machine to which the gas spring is applied may be discharged onto the seals through attachments that are connected too rigidly to the frame. Leave a small clearance between the fixing screws and the attachments or fix the spring using at least one jointed attachment.

We recommend fixing the spring using smooth pins and not threaded bolts as the thread crest, in contact with the attachment hole, exercises friction that may contrast the gas spring correct functioning.

When applying the gas spring, make sure the pulling forces are not greater than the gas spring thrust force, so that the normal rod sliding speed is not exceeded.

The normal operating temperature for a gas spring ranges between -30 °C and + 80 °C.

Particularly damp and cold environments may create frost on the seals and compromise the gas spring duration.

The gas spring has been designed and manufactured to lighten or counter-balance a weight that is otherwise very heavy for the operator or for the structure into which it is inserted. Any other use it may be put to (shock absorber, decelerator, stop) should be carefully assessed by the designer and the manufacturers with regard to durability of the spring and to safety.

正确应用

Correct application

错误应用

Wrong application

产品使用寿命结束后的处理

DISPOSAL OF THE PRODUCT AT THE END OF ITS USEFUL LIFE

警告：气弹簧气缸内含有高压氮气！

Warning: gas spring cylinder contains nitrogen under pressure!

新气弹簧内的压力可能非常高，因此不得使用曲线锯、凿子或碎屑清除机切割气弹簧气缸，因为它们可能会爆炸，从而导致碎片喷出，并严重伤害附近的人。要处理气弹簧，必须遵循以下步骤。

The pressure inside a new gas spring can reach very high values, therefore gas spring cylinders must not be cut with jigsaws, chisels or chip removal machines as they might explode, with consequent ejection of splinters, and seriously injure whoever happens to be nearby. To dispose of gas springs the following procedure must be followed.

气弹簧处理程序

Procedure for the disposing of gas springs

确保可以依赖足够的面部和手部保护；

检查要处理的气弹簧，并确保杆完全脱离气缸；将其安全地固定在钻钳上后，使用直径为 1-2 毫米的尖端钻气缸（任何较小的尖端，如果断裂，可能会被从孔中出来的气体喷出）；

必须在距离下部附件约 5 毫米的地方钻孔气缸；

慢慢钻孔，以便去除碎屑；一旦在气缸壁上打孔，里面的气体就会迅速流出。由于气弹簧可能含有油，因此要特别注意油雾；

导向器包含两个密封件，形成一个小的气密外壳，其中可能含有受压气体；在此区域钻孔时也应采取与上述相同的预防措施；

最后，将气缸中的油排放到适当的容器中，由主管部门或根据现行国家法规在合适的地点进行处理。

Make sure you can rely on adequate face and hand protections;

Examine the gas spring to be disposed of, and make sure the rod is fully out of the cylinder; after fixing it safely on a drill vice, proceed to drill the cylinder using a tip measuring 1-2 mm in diameter (any smaller tip, if it breaks, may be ejected out by the gas as it comes out of the hole);

The cylinder must be drilled at a distance of about 5 mm from the lower attachment;

Drill slowly so you can get rid of shavings; as soon as you make a hole in the cylinder wall, the gas contained in it will come out quickly. Since the gas spring may contain oil, pay special attention to oil mists;

The guide contains two seals creating a small airtight enclosure that may contain gas under pressure; drill also in this area taking the same precautions as above;

Lastly, discharge the oil contained in the cylinder into proper containers to be disposed of by competent authorities or in suitable sites according to current national regulations.