继电器的工作原理及其类型和应用(中英文)
继电器应用广泛,例如家庭自动化、汽车和自行车(汽车)、工业应用、DIY 项目、测试和测量设备等等。
Relays have a wide range of applications such as home automation, cars and bikes (automobiles), industrial applications, diy projects, test and measurement equipment, and many more.
一、什么是继电器?
What is a Relay?
继电器是一种简单的机电开关。虽然我们可以使用普通开关手动关闭或打开电路,但继电器也是连接或断开两个电路的开关。但继电器不是手动操作,而是使用电信号来控制电磁铁,电磁铁进而连接或断开另一个电路。
A Relay is a simple electromechanical switch. While we use normal switches to close or open a circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two circuits. But instead of a manual operation, a relay uses an electrical signal to control an electromagnet, which in turn connects or disconnects another circuit.
继电器有不同的类型,如机电式、固态。 像机电式继电器就被广泛应用。 先看看这种继电器的内部零件,然后再了解它的工作原理。 尽管存在许多不同类型的继电器,但它们的工作原理是相同的。
Relays can be of different types like electromechanical, solid state. Electromechanical relays are frequently used. See the internal parts of this relay before knowing about it working. Although many different types of relay were present, their working is same.
每个机电继电器都包含:
1、电磁铁
2、机械式可动触点
3、切换点
4、弹簧
Every electromechanical relay consists of an
1.Electromagnet
2.Mechanically movable contact
3.Switching points
4.Spring
电磁铁是通过在金属芯上缠绕铜线圈构成。 如图所示,线圈的两端连接到继电器的两个引脚。 这两个用作直流电源引脚。
Electromagnet is constructed by wounding a copper coil on a metal core. The two ends of the coil are connected to two pins of the relay as shown. These two are used as DC supply pins.
通常会多出两个触点,称为开关点,用于连接大电流负载。 另一个称为公共触点的触点用于连接开关点。
Generally two more contacts will be present, called as switching points to connect high ampere load. Another contact called common contact is present in order to connect the switching points.
这些触点被命名为常开 (NO)、常闭 (NC) 和公共 (COM) 触点。
These contacts are named as normally open (NO),normally closed(NC) and common(COM) contacts.
继电器可用于交流电路或直流电路。在使用交流继电器的情况下,对于每个电流零位置,继电器线圈都会消磁,因此可能会反复断开电路。
Relay can be used in AC circuit or DC Circuit. In case of AC relays, for every current zero position, the relay coil gets demagnetized and hence there would be a chance of continues breaking of the circuit.
因此,交流继电器采用特殊机制构造,以便提供连续的磁性来避免上述问题。 这样的机构包括电子电路装置或遮蔽线圈机构。
So, AC relays are constructed with special mechanism such that continuous magnetism is provided in order to avoid above problem. Such mechanisms include electronic circuit arrangement or shaded coil mechanism.
二、继电器如何工作?
How a Relay Works?
以下动图展示了继电器的简易工作原理。
The following animation shows a simplified working of a relay.
• 继电器根据电磁感应原理工作。
• 当电磁铁通入一定电流时,它会在其周围感应出一个磁场。
• 上图显示了继电器的工作原理。开关用于向负载施加直流电流。
• 在继电器中,铜线圈和铁芯起电磁铁的作用。
• 当线圈施加直流电流时,它开始吸引触点,如图所示。这称为继电器通电。
• 当电源被移除时,它会恢复到原来的位置。这称为继电器断电。
• Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
• When the electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it.
• Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the load.
• In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
• When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the contact as shown. This is called energizing of relay.
• When the supply is removed it retrieves back to the original position. This is called De energizing of relay.
也有这样的继电器,其触点最初是闭合的,当有电源时打开,即与上面显示的继电器正好相反。
There are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there is supply i.e. exactly to opposite to the above shown relay.
固态继电器则具有感测元件来感测输入电压并使用光耦合切换输出。
Solid state relays will have sensing element to sense the input voltage and switches the output using opto-coupling.
三、继电器触点类型
Relay Contact Types
正如我们所见,继电器是一个开关。 术语“极数和掷数”也适用于接力。 根据触点的数量和开关继电器的电路数量,可以对继电器进行分类。
As we have seen that relay is a switch. The terminology “Poles and throws” is also applicable for relay. Depending on the number of contacts and number of circuits it switches relays can be classified.
Before we know about this classification of contacts we have to know the poles and throws of a relay switch.
在了解这种触点分类之前,我们必须了解继电器开关的极数和掷数。
极数和掷数
Poles and Throws
继电器可以切换一个或多个电路。 继电器中的每个开关都称为极。 继电器连接的电路数由掷数表示。
Relays can switch one or more circuits. Each switch in relay is referred as pole. Number of circuits a relay connects is indicated by throws.
根据极数和掷数,继电器分为
• 单刀单掷
• 单刀双掷
• 双刀单掷
• 双刀双掷
Depending on the poles and throws, relays are classified into
• Single Pole Single Throw
• Single Pole Double Throw
• Double Pole Single Throw
• Double Pole Double Throw
单刀单掷
一个单刀单掷继电器可以控制一个电路,可以接一个输出。它用于只需要 ON 或 OFF 状态的应用。
Single Pole Single Throw
A single pole single throw relay can control one circuit and can be connected to one output. It is used for the applications which require only ON or OFF state.
单刀双掷
单刀双掷继电器将一个输入电路连接到两个输出之一。该继电器也称为转换继电器。
尽管 SPDT 有两个输出位置,但它可能包含两个以上的输出端,具体取决于应用的配置和要求。
Single Pole Double Throw
A single pole double throw relay connects one input circuit to one of the two outputs. This relay is also called as changeover relay.
Though the SPDT has two output positions, it may consist of more than two throws depends on the configuration and requirement of the application.
双刀单掷
双刀单掷继电器有两极和单掷,可用于同时连接单个电路的两个端子。例如,该继电器用于同时将相线端子和中性线端子连接到负载。
Double pole single throw
A double pole single throw relay has two poles and single throw and it can be used to connect two terminals of a single circuit at a time. For example, this relay is used for connecting both phase and neutral terminals to the load at a time.
双刀双掷
DPDT(双刀双掷)继电器有两个极,每个极有两个掷。在电机方向控制中,这些用于相位或极性反转。
Double pole double throw
A DPDT (double pole double throw) relay has two poles and two throws for each pole. In motor direction control, these are used for phase or polarity reversal.
The switching action between contacts for all these relays is performed when the coil get energized.
所有这些继电器的触点之间的切换动作都是在线圈通电时执行的。
四、继电器类型
Types of Relays
继电器根据其功能、结构、应用等可分为不同的类型。常见的继电器类型有:
Relays can be classified into different types depending on their functionality, structure, application etc. We listed out some of the common types of relays here.
电磁Electromagnetic
闭锁Latching
电子Electronic
非闭锁Non-Latching
簧Reed
高压High-Voltage
小信号Small Signal
时间延迟Time Delay
多维度Multi-Dimensional
热的Thermal
微分Differential
距离Distance
汽车Automotive
频率Frequency
偏振Polarized
旋转式Rotary
顺序Sequence
动圈Moving Coil
安全Safety
监督Supervision
接地故障Ground Fault
五、继电器应用
Relay Applications
继电器用于保护电气系统,并最大限度地减少由于过电流/电压而对系统中连接的设备造成的损坏。继电器用于保护与之相连的设备。
Relays are used to protect the electrical system and to minimize the damage to the equipment connected in the system due to over currents/voltages. The relay is used for the purpose of protection of the equipment connected with it.
这些用于控制应用音频放大器和某些类型的调制解调器中具有低压信号的高压电路。
These are used to control the high voltage circuit with low voltage signal in applications audio amplifiers and some types of modems.
这些用于在汽车启动螺线管等应用中通过低电流信号控制高电流电路。这些可以检测和隔离输配电系统中发生的故障。继电器的典型应用领域包括
These are used to control a high current circuit by a low current signal in the applications like starter solenoid in automobile. These can detect and isolate the faults that occurred in power transmission and distribution system. Typical application areas of the relays include
• 照明控制系统
• 电信
• 工业过程控制器
• 交通管制
• 电机驱动控制
• 电力系统保护系统
• 计算机接口
• 汽车
• 家用电器
• Lighting control systems
• Telecommunication
• Industrial process controllers
• Traffic control
• Motor drives control
• Protection systems of electrical power system
• Computer interfaces
• Automotive
• Home appliances
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