焦点堆叠操作方法(中英文)
什么是焦点堆叠 / What is Focus Stacking.
维基百科将焦点堆叠定义为一种数字图像处理技术,它将在不同焦距处拍摄的多张图像组合起来,生成比任何单个源图像具有更大景深(DOF)的结果图像。任何拍摄过特写照片的人知道随着放大倍数变大,对焦区域会变小。通过焦点堆叠,可以创建高放大倍率照片,而不受对焦区域(景深)的限制。通过收集几张图像来实现这一点,无论镜头提供什么景深并以数字方式组合它们以增加焦点区域。
Wikipedia defines focus stacking as a digital image processing technique which combines multiple images taken at different focus distances to give a resulting image with a greater depth of field (DOF) than any of the individual source images. Anyone that has taken a close up photo knows that as the magnifcation gets larger the in focus area gets smaller. With focus stacking we can create high magnification photos without the limited in focus area (Depth of Field) We do this by collecting several images with whatever depth of field our lenses will provide and digitally combine them to increase the in focus area.
概述 / The Overview
创建照片堆栈有多种不同的方法。可以移动相机、拍摄对象,或更改镜头和相机之间的距离。通常,通过使用微距导轨相对于感兴趣的拍摄对象来调整相机的位置。微距导轨允许精细控制相机的移动,以改变相机和拍摄对象之间的距离。此移动使图像的对焦部分滑过主体。如果您在不知不觉中就已经这样做了,那么这可能是一项缓慢而乏味的任务。拍照,稍微移动一下导轨,拍照,再稍微移动一下导轨,这是一个相当繁琐的过程。那么 Cognisys 能够为焦点堆叠领域提供什么?堆叠镜头。StackShot 可自动执行导轨的移动和相机快门的触发。这种精确控制的轨道可以以您想要的任何步长(低至 2 微米)拍摄尽可能多的照片。
There are several different ways to create a stack of photos. You can move the camera, the subject, or change the distance between the lens and the camera. Typically the camera's position is adjusted in relation to the subject of interest by using a macro-rail. The macro rail allows finely controlled movement of the camera to change the distance between the camera and the subject. This movement slides the in-focus part of the image through the subject. If you've done this before you know it can be a slow and tedious task. Take picture, move the rail slightly, take a picture, move the rail a little more, it is a fairly tedious process. So what does Cognisys have to offer the world of focus stacking? StackShot. StackShot automates the movement of the rail and the triggering of the camera's shutter. This precision controlled rail will take as many pictures you want at whatever step size you'd like (down to 2 um).
StackShot安装选项 / StackShot Mounting Options
安装 StackShot 的选项有很多,包括三脚架、光具座、复印架等。这些选项中最常见的是三脚架。如果您是 Arca Swiss 夹钳用户,下图显示了最灵活的设置以及所有附加功能。StackShot 的底座上加工有燕尾榫以及 1/4-20 和 3/8-16 螺纹孔。这里有一张图显示了孔的位置。如果不是 Arca Clamp 用户,可以将选择的三脚架板安装到导轨底座上,并使用导轨底座上的一个螺纹孔,然后将导轨安装到三脚架上。要将相机安装到导轨顶部,它标配了一个 1/4-20 螺柱,可拧入相机底座。不需要额外的硬件。
Attaching StackShot to a Tripod.
There are a lot of options for mounting StackShot, these include a tripod, optical bench, copy stand etc. The most common of these options is a tripod. If you are an Arca Swiss clamp user the image below shows the most flexible setup with all of the extras. StackShot has a dovetail machined into the base as well as both 1/4-20 and 3/8-16 threaded holes. There is a drawing showing the position of the holes here. In the case you are not an Arca Clamp user you would mount your tripod plate of choice to the base of the rail with one of the threaded holes in the base of the rail and then mount the rail to the tripod. To mount the camera to the top of the rail, it comes standard with a 1/4-20 stud that will thread into the base of your camera. No additional hardware is required.
如果是 Arca Swiss 用户,可以将 StackShot 安装到三脚架上,如下所示。将需要可选的Arca 适配器板将夹子牢固地固定到导轨上。Arca 适配器板具有安装孔,因此可以在任一方向安装夹具。下图还显示了用于完整现场设置的可选控制器载体套件和锂离子电池。使用 Arca 夹具和板的优点是,用户可以选择在三脚架上快速添加或移除 StackShot,无需任何螺纹连接。
If you are an Arca Swiss user you would attach StackShot to the tripod as shown below. You will need the optional Arca Adapter Plate to firmly secure the clamp to the rail. The Arca Adapter Plate has mounting holes so you can mount the clamp in either orientation. The image below also shows the optional Controller Carrier Kit and Li-Ion Battery for a complete field setup. Using the Arca Clamps and Plates has the advantage of giving the user the option to quickly add or remove the StackShot from the tripod without any threaded connections.
StackShot 电气连接 / StackShot Electrical Connections
连接 StackShot 非常简单。首先使用提供的 4 芯电缆将宏轨连接到控制器。接下来,StackShot 需要电源。这可以通过提供的交流适配器或可选的锂离子电池来完成。 最后将相机的快门释放连接到 StackShot。这是 StackShot 用于控制相机的机制。连接相机和 StackShot 的电缆需要单独购买。如果相机没有外部有线快门释放装置, COGNISYS提供了通用红外遥控器,可与大多数配备红外输入的相机配合使用。
Connecting StackShot is very simple. First connect the macro rail to the controller with the supplied 4 conductor cable. Next, StackShot requires power. This can be accomplished with the supplied AC adapter or an optional Li-Ion Battery Finally connect the shutter release of the camera to StackShot. This is the mechanism StackShot uses to control the camera. The cable that goes between the camera and StackShot needs to be purchased separately, you can find the cables here. If your camera does not have an external wired shutter release COGNISYS do offer a Universal IR Remote that works with most cameras that are equipped with an IR input.
堆叠过程 / The Stacking Process
堆叠过程的第一步是调整相机和闪光灯设置以获得适当的曝光。焦点堆叠的一个区别是需要对闪光灯、快门和光圈使用全手动模式。自动曝光模式对场景的测光往往有点不一致,导致堆栈中图像范围内的照片亮度发生显着变化。
The first step in the stacking process is to adjust your camera and flash settings to get proper exposure. The one difference for focus stacking is that you will want to use full manual mode for both the flash, shutter and aperture. The auto exposure modes tend to meter the scene a bit inconsistently causing a significant variation in brightness of the photographs over the range of images in the stack.
在此示例中,使用 StackShot 中的“自动距离”模式。 根据镜头的景深,调整控制器中的“每步距离”变量。 照片之间的焦距深度最好有一些重叠。 接下来,使用 FWD 和 BACK 按钮将相机的位置调整到堆栈中第一张图片的初始起点。 StackShot 将在两个方向上移动,因此它可以从前景堆叠到背景,反之亦然。 按向上/向下按钮设置堆栈的起点。 然后将相机的位置调整到堆栈的最终位置。 再按一次按钮即可启动捕捉过程,相机将移动每一步拍摄的照片输入的距离。 导轨移动一步后,由于设置原因,相机可能会出现一些意外运动。 可以调整可配置的“稳定”时间以满足拍摄环境的特定需要。 包围曝光怎么样? StackShot 可配置为每步生成多个快门脉冲(曝光)。 对于需要预先按下快门来激活反光镜预升的相机,此功能也可能很有用。 脉冲之间的可配置延迟允许额外的微调。 流程结束时 StackShot 默认返回到起始位置。 这使用户可以在后续运行中尝试不同的相机和/或闪光灯设置。
In this example we're going to use the "Auto-Distance" mode in StackShot. Depending on the depth of field of the shot, adjust the "Distance per step" variable in the controller. It is desirable to have some overlap of in focus depth between photographs. Next, using the FWD and BACK buttons the position of the camera is adjusted to the initial starting point for the first picture in the stack. StackShot will travel in both directions so it can stack from the foreground to the background or visa versa. Pressing the Up/Down button sets the starting point for the stack. Then the position of the camera is adjusted to the final position of the stack. One more button press initiates the capturing process and the camera is moved by the distance entered with a picture taken at each step. After the rail takes a step there may be some unintended motion in the camera due to the setup. A configurable "settle" time may be adjusted to meet the specific needs of the shooting environment. What about exposure bracketing? StackShot can be configured to generate multiple shutter pulses (exposures) per step. This feature may also be useful for cameras that require a preliminary shutter press to activate mirror lock-up. A configurable delay between pulses allows additional fine-tuning. At the end of the process StackShot defaults to returning to the starting position. This lets you experiment with different camera and/or flash settings for subsequent runs.
软件合成 / software synthesis
最后是使用软件来组合图像了。有多种选择,包括Helicon Focus、Zerene Stacker、Photoshop 或Combine ZM。
Now it is time to use the software to combine the images. There are several possibilities including Helicon Focus, Zerene Stacker, Photoshop, or Combine ZM.
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